Review Literatur: Pengaruh Formulasi Dan Manajemen Pakan Terhadap Produktivitas Ayam Petelur Di Daerah Tropis

(Literature Review: The Effect Of Feed Formulation And Management On Laying Hen Productivity In Tropical Area)

Abstract

Abstrak

Tinjauan ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi formulasi dan pemberian pakan pada ayam petelur berdasarkan komposisi nutrisi, jenis bahan pakan, serta metode pemberian yang dinilai optimal. Pakan telah diketahui menyumbang sekitar 70% dari total biaya produksi, sehingga berperan penting dalam memenuhi kebutuhan nutrisi pada fase starter, grower, dan layer. Ransum yang diberikan harus memenuhi kriteria dalam bentuk, tekstur, serta kandungan zat gizi, dengan manajemen yang mencakup jumlah, waktu pemberian, dan penambahan zat tambahan alami. Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan bahwa ayam petelur menunjukkan performa terbaik pada suhu 10–30°C. Suhu di atas 30°C, yang umum terjadi pada musim kemarau, menyebabkan penurunan konsumsi, kualitas dan kuantitas produksi telur, serta daya tahan tubuh akibat stres panas dan kontaminasi racun jamur. Keadaan ini meningkatkan risiko kerugian ekonomi dan kematian. Perubahan formulasi serta metode pemberian pakan telah diusulkan untuk mengurangi dampak negatif tersebut. Namun, implementasi di peternakan skala kecil masih mengalami hambatan dari sisi teknis dan ekonomi.

Kata kunci: Ayam Petelur; Formulasi Pakan; Manajemen Pakan; Stres Panas; Performa Produksi

Abstract

This review was conducted to evaluate the formulation and feeding strategies for laying hens based on nutrient composition, feed ingredients, and optimal delivery methods. Feed was recognized to contribute approximately 70% of the total production cost, thus playing a critical role in fulfilling nutritional requirements during the starter, grower, and layer phases. The feed ration was required to meet standards in terms of form, texture, and nutrient content, with management involving quantity, feeding schedule, and the addition of natural supplements. The findings indicated that laying hens performed optimally at ambient temperatures ranging from 10 to 30°C. Temperatures above 30°C, which commonly occurred during the dry season, led to reduced feed intake, lower egg production and shell quality, and weakened immune response due to heat stress and fungal toxin contamination. This condition increased the risk of economic loss and mortality. Adjustments in feed formulation and delivery practices were proposed to mitigate these negative effects. However, implementation at small-scale farms remained constrained by technical and economic challenges.

Keywords: Laying Hens; Feed Formulation; Feeding Management; Heat Stress; Production Performance